Harriet Tubman essays

Harriet Tubman essays Harriet Tubman was a brave woman, she managed to take eleven slaves to Canada, with no one noticing anything. She also did something that was surprising, she took the gun that she had with her to make a slave stay or to die, "We got to go free or die." She didn't allowed a slave to go back while they were traveling because someone might figured that he/she were returning from the running slaves and might have to answer questions. She traveled to differents places to stay like Thomas Garret's house in Wilmington, Delaware. She wanted to get to Canada to have a chance to feel what it would be like to be free. She painted pictures of what she thought Canada would be like, that shows she wanted to be free. In the couples of houses she stopped to get food and to get warm, I believe the persons that owned the houses agreed that they should be free, but they were too afraid to make a move. At the start of the story they were searching for Moses who they thought it was a man, which it was no t it was Harriet Tubman, who wanted to run off slaves. The slaves at the story were patience. Harriet had promised them food, and shelter, when they got to the first stop in the farmhouse the man said they were a lot of slaves and that it was not safe, because the farmhouse had been searched a week ago before they arrived there, so they didn't had what she had promised them. The slaves didn't screamed at her or complained. When they arrived to Canada I think that even though they went through difficulties they got what they always dreamed, FREEDOM which means the condition of being free of restraints. They had to pay a valuable price in able to get freedom which is their lives. They could been killed if they gave up and people would find out, they worked hard to make their dream come true. Harriet is a woman who fought for her rights, and won. Mark Twain thought that being a pilot was cool, because they got paid a good sal ...

Napoleon as an Enlightened Despot essays

Napoleon as an Enlightened Despot essays Enlightened despotism is defined as the theory that a ruler should rule in such a way as to efficiently better the lives of the people and the state. This theory comes from the enlightenment itself, and was a social revolution in terms of government. Rulers such as Maria Theresa of Austria, and Catherine the Great all worked toward the betterment of society, at times using their absolute rule to enforce this system of improvement. Napoleon is a classic example of such a ruler and clearly throughout his rule, exhibits the characteristics of an enlightened despot. The first example of Napoleons despotism is seen in the multitude of military conflicts in which France was involved during his rule. Using the absolute rule which an enlightened despot possesses, he successfully defeated Prussia, Russia and Austria. A democratic or republican government would have required votes and debate as to involvement in these numerous wars, however, under Napoleons rule, simply his desire to expand the French empire led to these campaigns, which resulted in the French continental empire stretching from southern Spain all the way to the Polish frontier. Furthermore, evidence of the totalitarian and despotic nature of Napoleons rule can be seen in his coronation ceremony. At this point in the development of the monarchical structure of European society, it was common, if not necessary, for the monarch to receive endorsement from a religious power. In the case of France, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, the Pope granted religious investigure by coronation. It was a symbol that the monarchs power was derived from God. However, Napoleon chose to alter this trend when he wrested the crown from the hands of the pope and placed it on his own head. Subsequently, he crowned his wife queen. This indicates that Napoleon is not indebted to a higher power, that he is the ultimate authority, a classic sign of a despot. ...

Wind turbine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wind turbine - Essay Example According to the United States of America’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL), a small wind turbine is a type of turbine that is smaller than 1,000 kilowatts. They also have aero cable blades, vanes, current generators and lifetime bearing. It is, of course, my right choice for the best turbine because it is less costly and can be effectively used in places with harsh weather conditions(Dan F. & B. Dan, 2008). This makes it suitable as an energy source in places like telecom towers, rural schools and clinics, offshore platforms, grand residential and remote monitoring areas where there is no reliable electric grid coverage. This makes it as the best alternative source of power in such places. Design For this type of turbine to effectively and sufficiently perform its duties, it should be well designed and installed. This means that the necessary architectural procedures and materials should be put in place. Hence, a good one should have an aerodynamic model to help in determining the maximum height of the tower and control the number and shapes of the blades used. A proper installation is essential for it to perform well. Meaning, they can either be mounted on a tower or a building as tall as 30 feet. This will definitely help it to be above any obstacle that can act as a barrier in their smooth operations.

Molecular Biology of the Cell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Molecular Biology of the Cell - Assignment Example Be it the way the petals of a sunflower are arranged, or the way feathers are organized on a bird’s wings, patterns will be observed. Even at the microscopic level, biological order exists. Organs, for instance, are composed of a single type of tissues. Tissues, on the other hand, are composed of a single type of cells. An organism is not simply a random collection of individual cells (Gerhardt et al., 1994). Rather, it is a product of an ordered grouping of cells. Next, living things demonstrate the ability to reproduce. According to the Cell Theory, only life begets life (Alberts et al., 1994). Only dogs bear pups; only trees give off seedlings, and only bears deliver bear cubs. The third property is growth and development. Over time, multicellular organisms increase in size, as a result of the increase in the number of cells in its body. Among unicellular organisms, growth can be observed as an increase in the size of its population (Beveridge et al., 2007). Development can not be any simpler than the ones at the cellular level when DNA replicates and microtubules elongate during the course of mitosis. Fourth, living things respond to stimuli. A Mimosa pudica, for example, will close its leaves if you touch them. A sea squirt will release water from its siphons when disturbed. Organisms, whether sedentary or mobile, respond to their environment. Finally, all organisms utilize energy. A butterfly, for instance, obtains food in the form of nectar and transforms it into energy to power its activities. It might not be possible to capture or observe all of these properties within three days (e.g. giving birth) especially if the organism is sedentary. In such cases, taking a piece from the target sample for further examination might be helpful. If these organisms share a resemblance to living creatures on earth, their building blocks are similar to the morphology and properties of cells.

Apple Operations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple Operations - Term Paper Example The company has a wide range of products such as desktop computers, laptops, mobiles and different application software. Along with its subsidiaries the company develops and markets various portable applications as well. Some of the bestseller items of the company include portable music players, mobile communication devices and several other digital gadgets. Buzzwords such as I-pod, I-phone and I-pad are all creations of Apple. The company also has a strong presence in the field of software. The software segment includes operating systems such as Mac OS and other utility and productivity applications like Quick time player, I-work and logic studio among others (Apple Store, n.d.). The company has a global presence and owns more than 370 stores. It has a workforce of 20,000 people. Apple mainly distributes its product through whole sellers, retailers and Apple owned exclusive stores. Hewlett Packard, Dell, Google and Research in Motion Limited are the direct competitors of the company (NASDAQ, 2012). However companies such as Lenovo, Compaq, Toshiba and Hitachi are also considered as the circumlocutory competitors of the company. The aim of the report is to offer the domestic operations of the company. Also the report will stress on the global operational strategy of the company. In the operational strategies the report will offers insights about the way Apple markets its products. Finally the report will conclude by revealing the differences between the domestic operations and the global operations of the company. Domestic Operations of Apple Operations management can be regarded as the process in which human, material and financial inputs are transformed into output of products, service or other utilities (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2006, p.279). However the actual creation of the product takes place in the mid half of the process and is referred to as manufacturing, production or the operations (Finch, 2008, p.164). In addition to that material management or logistics controls the transfer of raw materials through the process of value chain. The distribution on the other hand deals with the delivery of goods to the end customers. Finally the after sales provided by the company are known as support. Figure 1 (Source: McCubbrey, 2010) Value Chain of Apple The value chain of the company is discussed below:- Inbound Logistics Most of the essential components which are required for manufacturing Apple’s products are available from several sources. However some of the essential materials are obtained from single sources. In order to cite an instance IBM is the only supplier of G5 processor, which is being used in the products of PowerMac, while Motorola is the only supplier of G4 processor to the company. Operations The company has highly innovative products (O’Grady, 2008, p.xii). Hence the materials also need to be of high quality. Now as the raw materials are obtained the final assembly of the products is carried out in the manufacturing and assembling plants of Apple. Sacramento and Cork are the two places where the operations take place. Nevertheless the operations are also carried out by external vendors in places such as Netherlands, Korea, China and Taiwan among others (Day, 2010). In the portable category the products are assembled in Japan, China and Taiwan. Therefore from the findings it is clear that Apple only manufacture few of its products in USA and most of them assembled by third party vendors.

James Madison Essay Example for Free

James Madison Essay James Madison, Federalist Paper #51, 1788 In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate governments, Hence a double security rises to the rights of the people. The different governments will each control each other, at the same ume that each will be controlled by Itself. Note: Madisons Idea of division of power between central and state governments is known as Federalism, Specific power divisions can be seen in the chart below. Document Analysis 1. A compound is something made of two or more pieces. What are the two pieces that make up Madisons compound government? The central/national government and the state governments 2. What word ending in ism is another word for this kind ot compound government? Federalism . How does this compound government provide double security to the people? The central and state governments will check each others power. Also, the branches within each level of government will provide checks and balances. 4. Using the chart above, can you see a pattern In the types of power the Constitution reserved for the State governments? States seem to have power over the more local and personal issues (school. marriages ). These personal liberties were too important for the framers to put into the hands of the national government. Governments closer to the people (the state overnments) would be more in tune with the feelings and cultures of their arem 5. How does federalism guard against tyranny? By distributing certain powers between the central government and the states neither could tyrannize (gain absolute power) over the nation or the nations people. Document

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries Seeking treatment for mental illness can be a daunting task. Even in the United States, where medical care is relatively easy to obtain, there is a stigma surrounding mental illness. In my own experience of living in a small, close-knit community, I found it nearly terrifying to talk to my primary care physician about the anxiety and depression I was experiencing. In my town, parking my car at the counseling center was like admitting that I couldnt take care of myself. The common perception in the community was that people need to suck it up and not rely on doctors or therapists to get through life. With this clear and prevalent stigma against mental illness and treatment, it took me years to finally get the help that I needed. This issue of stigma was still on my mind when I started looking for a topic for this research project. I was curious about how non-Western and developing countries viewed the issue and what was being done to help lessen the stigma of mental illness worldwide. What is Stigma? In order to take a close look at mental health stigma in cultures around the world, we first need to understand exactly what is meant by stigma. The dictionary definition of stigma is a mark of disgrace or infamy; a stain or reproach, as on ones reputation (Dictionary.com). This is a good place to start, but it does not accurately define the measurable aspects of stigma, which is necessary for researchers to be able to study it. Link et al. (2004) discuss several theoretical perspectives for stigmatization in general and the stigma of mental illness in particular. Most useful for the purposes of this paper is the framework laid out by Link and Phelen (2001) and discussed and elaborated upon by Link et al. (2004) that suggests several interrelated categories: labeling, stereotyping, separating, emotional reactions, status loss, and stigmas dependence on power structure. Labeling is a natural way that humans categorize differences, and many labels (shoe size, favorite foods) are not so cially salient. Other labels, such as sexual preference or nationality, are much more relevant. Both the selection of salient characteristics and the creation of labels for them are social achievements that need to be understood as essential components of stigma (Link et al. 2004). In the stereotyping component, the researchers suggest that the labeled differences are linked to negative assumptions about the labeled person or others with similar characteristics. The next aspect of the stigma process is separating, which is the us versus them mindset. Link et al. (2004) suggest that one place the initial conceptual framework about stigma is lacking is in the underrepresentation of emotional reactions: We believe that this underrepresentation needs to be corrected, because emotional responses are critical to understanding the behavior of both stigmatizers and people who are recipients of stigmatizing reactions. Status loss and discrimination can be overt, like refusing employment to s omeone with a mental illness, but it can also be much more insidious and pervasive. Link et al. (2004) gives the example that considerably less funding exists for schizophrenia research and facilities for schizophrenia treatment are often located in less desirable locations. The final aspect of the stigma framework is its dependence on power structures Link et al. (2004) state that this aspect is very important because without social, cultural, economic and political power the concept of stigma would be much less useful. Now that we understand at least one way in which stigma can be defined, we must next go about looking at the ways stigma is measured. Link et al.(2004) state that there is a considerable lack of study of mental illness stigma in the developing world they reviewed a large number of studied conducted worldwide, and found only a few in Asia and Africa, though the researchers did clarify that this might have been because their review was restricted to English language journals. This paper will focus on a few key studies, but it is certain that more study in this area is needed to get an in-depth look at differences between cultures and the relative stigma of mental illness. Some studies focus on the stigma of the general population towards those with mental illness, while others focus on the opinions of people who suffer from mental illness. One survey I found to be particularly interesting and useful is the World Mental Health Survey, in which subjects with mental health issues were asked about their perceived stigma (Alonso et al. 2008). For this survey, stigma was considered to be present if respondents reported both embarrassment and perceived discrimination related to illness. Among people with significant activity limitations (i.e., at least moderate difficulty with cognition, mobility, self-care, or social), the perceived stigma rate was highest in the Ukraine, with 32.1% of respondents reporting stigma. The lowest rate was 3.2% in Germany. The average rate of perceived stigma in developing countries was 22.1%, compared to 11.7% in developed countries (Alonso et al. 2008, Table 1). The researchers finding was that perceived stigma associated with mental disorders is universal, but considerably more frequent in developing countries; however, the implications of this finding were not discussed, though they suggest it may be of interest to investigate social, cultural and health service characteristics that differentiate countries in which patients feel less excluded from countries in which patients are more likely to report perceived stigma (Alonso et al. 2008:312). The researchers also found that perceived stigma is strongly associated with common mental disorders, particularly with comorbid mood and anxiety (Alonso et al. 2008:306). The implications of this survey are twofold: first, developing and developed countries have different ways of associating stigma with mental illness, although the reasons for this are not clear. Second, people with mental illness are much more likely to perceive stigma relating to illness than, for example, people with chronic physical ailments. Most interesting to me is the fact that the statis tics from Alonso et al.s (2004) study shows that developing countries have nearly double the rate of perceived stigma as developed countries. Studies of Stigma in Developing Countries Lauber and Rossler (2006) conducted a review of literature that summarizes results of research on the stigma of mental illness in developing Asian countries. They state that this research is very important because The stigma of mental illness and discrimination against mental patients are believed to be a significant obstacle to development of mental health care and to ensuring quality of life of those suffering from mental illness (Lauber and Rossler 2006: 158). They provide a clear discussion of how they defined developing and developed countries: A developing country is a country with a low-income average, a relatively undeveloped infrastructure and a poor human development index when compared to the global normDevelopment entails developing a modern infrastructure (both physical and institutional), and a move away from low value added sectors such as agriculture and natural resource extraction. Developed countries usually have economic systems based on continuous, self-sustaining economic growth (Lauber and Rossler 2006:160). This definition helps clarify some of the general differences between developing and developed countries. Lauber and Rosslers (2006) review of literature found that people in developing countries in Asia are generally afraid of those with mental illness. They also found that many studies reported respondents who felt that mental illness symptoms were a normal reaction to stress; this finding suggests that awareness of mental illness and the need for medical intervention is lacking in these cultures. However, the results of these studies are similar to the results in Western countries (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Another finding of this study was in regards to help-seeking behaviors: it is much more likely for those seeking help for mental illness to rely on family members instead of professional mental health services (Lauber and Rossler 2006). I found it interesting that the researchers suggest the differences in mental health care in developing Asian countries is due not only to a different cultural understanding of health and health care, but also the stigmatizing attitude of health car e professionals as well (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Gureje and Lasebikan (2005) studied the use of treatment services for mental illness in the Yoruba-speaking part of Nigeria through face-to-face interviews with nearly 5,000 adults. They found that fewer than 1 in 10 people with mental health disorders over the past 12 months had received any treatment whatsoever, compared with 25% in the United States (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005). They also found that respondents who did receive treatment were much more likely to be treated in the general medical sector rather than by a mental health specialist; these results are similar to those found in other developing countries as well as developed nations. Another significant finding was that people with mental illness were considerably less likely to use complimentary health providers than those with other non-mental disorders: This observation flies in the face of the common belief that traditional healers provide service for a high proportion of persons with mental disorders in developing Afr ican countries (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005:48). The authors suggest that many of the problems with mental health utilization in Nigeria result from its inadequate health service personnel and facilities, financial constraint, as well as poor knowledge of and negative attitude to mental illness (both of which are rampant in Nigeria) (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005:48). This suggests that in addition to the need for better health systems in developing countries, we also need to address the issue of stigma towards mental health treatment. Another study in 2005 attempted to look at the existing attitudes towards mental illness in the same Yoruba-speaking part of Nigeria. Gureje et al. (2005) studied over 2000 respondents and found widespread stigmatization of mental illness. The researchers found that respondents were often misinformed about the cause of mental illness with 80.8% stating that mental illness could be caused by drug or alcohol abuse, 30.2% claiming possession by evil spirits as a cause, followed by about equal responses of trauma, stress, and genetic inheritance (Gureje et al. 2005; Table 2). The researchers add that only about one-tenth of respondents believed that biological factors or brain disease could be the cause of mental illness, and 9% felt that Punishment from God was a possible cause (Gureje et al. 2005). In addition to the misunderstood causes of mental illness, the researchers found that many Nigerians have generally negative views towards people with mental illness: fewer than half of respondents believed that the mentally ill could be treated outside of hospitals, and only thought that mentally ill people could work at a regular job. The researchers found that these negative attitudes were equally spread across the socioeconomic spectrum (Gureje et al. 2005). The stigma associated with mental illness in Nigeria is evident in the responses that show most respondents were unwilling to have social interactions with someone with mental illness, including fear of having a conversation with or working with a mentally ill person (Gureje et al. 2005:437). 83% of respondents would be ashamed of people knowing that someone in their family was mentally ill, and only 3.4% responded that they could marry someone with a mental illness (Gureje et al. 2005: Table 4). These results support the fi ndings of the World Mental Health Survey that the stigma of mental illness is considerably higher in developing countries than in developed countries, but the research still does not show any distinct variables that could be identified in order to help reduce the associated stigma. Griffiths et al. (2006) performed a comparison of stigma in response to mental disorders between Australia and Japan, and found some interesting results. This was the only research I found that used similar methodologies to survey the public in two different cultures. Though both Japan and Australia are developed nations, the cross-cultural comparison is relevant to this study. Griffiths et al. (2006) found a significantly higher proportion of the Japanese respondents held stigmatizing attitudes and social distance towards mental illness. The authors give several possible reasons for this difference. First, conformity is more highly valued in Japan, so people who deviate from the norm because of mental illness would be more negatively impacted. Secondly, the treatment options in the two countries differ: in Japan, long-term institutionalization is common, while in Australia, community and rehabilitation services are emphasized. The implication is that even among developed countries, significant differences in the rates of stigma and the way it affects a society occur; therefore, any push to combat stigma needs to take into account these cultural differences. The authors suggest that this study may point to ways in which interventions programs for reducing stigma might be tailored for each country (Griffiths et al. 2006). Attempts to Reduce Stigma Associated With Mental Illness Many countries and cultures have made attempts to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness. Lauber and Rossler (2006) discuss the attempts in some Asian countries to rename schizophrenia in order to reduce the stigma associated with the disease; however, results show that a less pejorative label has little effect on the stigma associated with schizophrenia. Stein and Gureje (2004) suggest the approach of medicalization of suffering, or training healthcare providers to recognize the depression and anxiety that are often related to violence, chronic illness, and poverty in order for this to be successful, however, overcoming the stigma related to mental health issues is of primary importance. Lauber and Sartorius (2007) states that work towards reducing the stigma of mental illness is very important as a human rights issue: Societal or structural discrimination finds its expression in jurisdiction that restricts the civil rights of people with mental illness in, for example, v oting, parenting or serving jury duty, inequities in medical insurance coverage, discrimination in housing and employment, and the reliance on jails, prisons and homeless shelters as the way of disposing of people with mental illness (103). They discuss the importance of the normalization paradigm in which people with mental disorders are seen as similar to and not different from other people and medicalization, the idea that mental illness is a treatable medical condition rather than a personal defect, in the anti-stigma endeavors (Lauber and Sartorius 2007). Form (2000) suggests that one important aspect of reducing mental health stigma is to increase what he calls mental health literacy or knowledge about mental health disorders: he outlines several education programs that were widespread in the 80s and 90s in the United States the Depression Awareness, Recognition and Treatment Program and the National Depression Screening Day. These programs received widespread media attention, but their effects have not been studied. Form suggests that one good way to help improve mental health literacy is to target specific populations, such as high school students. However, Forms research says little about how these ideas would work in developing countries. In conclusion, a look at the research on stigma associated with mental illness shows significant differences in developing and developed countries, but the reasons for this are still unclear. I had hoped to conclude this research with a set of key differences between high-stigma and low-stigma cultures, but this information, if it exists, was not found. I believe that research on identifying causes for and reducing incidences of the stigma of mental illness is a very important topic in medical anthropology and one I believe will see continued advancement in research in the future. References Cited Alonso, J., A. Buron, R. Bruffaerts, Y. He, J. Posada-Villa, J-P. Lepine, M.C. Angermeyer, D. Levinson, G. de Girolamo, H. Tachimori, Z.N. Mneimneh, M.E. Medina-Mora, J. Ormel, K.M. Scott, O. Gureje, J.M. Haro, S. Gluzman, S. Lee, G. Vilagut, R.C. Kessler, M. Von Korff, the World Mental Health Consortium. 2008 Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the world Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118:305-314. Griffiths, Kathleen M., Y Nakane, H. Christensen, K. Yoshioka, A. F. Jorm, and H. Nakane. 2006 Stigma in response to mental disorders: a comparison of Australia and Japan. BMC Psychiatry 2006, 6:21. Gureje, Oye, and V. Lasebikan 2005 Use of mental health services in a developing country: results from the Nigerian survey of mental health and well-being. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology 41:44-49. Gureje, Oye, V. Lasebikan, O. Ephraim-Oluwanuga, B. Olley, and L. Kola 2005 Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2005 186:436-441. Jorm, A. F. 2000 Mental Health Literacy: Public Knowledge and Beliefs About Mental Disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2000 177:396-401 Lauber, Christopher and N. Sartorius 2007 At Issue: Anti-stigma endeavors. International Review of Psychiatry. April 2007; 19(2):103-106. Lauber, Christopher and W. Rossler 2007 Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry, April 2007; 19(2): 157-178. Link, Bruce, L. H. Yang, J. C. Phelan, and P.Y. Collins 2004 Measuring Mental Illness Stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30 (3):511-541 Stein, Dan J., O. Gureje. 2004 Depression and anxiety in the developing world: is it time to medicalise the suffering? The Lancet Vol. 364. stigma. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved December 1, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stigma