Jihadi Salafism Essay Example Essay Example

Jihadi Salafism Essay Example Paper Jihadi Salafism Essay Introduction Abstract Jihadi Salafism is an Islamic school of thought that asserts Muslims should strive to be more spiritual by protecting Islam from unbelievers by use of force. Jihadi Salafism is widely spread in Arabic countries and it has started to make a footing in the Western world. Jihadi Salafism originated in the 18th century and it was initiated by Sunni Muslims who were against European colonialism. Jihadi Salafism ideologies encourage terrorism and formation of terrorist organizations. Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIS) is the most active and powerful Jihadi Salafism terrorist organization. United States policies may have reinforced Jihadi Salafism. The paper covers definition of Jihadi Salafism, its history, United States that policies may reinforced Jihadi Salafism and beliefs about what the West would have done differently to ensure Jihadi terrorism ceases to exist. Jihadi Salafism Essay Body Paragraphs Introduction Jihadi Salafism asserts that Muslims should be highly devoted to Allah. Jihadi Salafism ideology has proved tenacious; it has been in existence for almost a century. Jihadi Salafism is associated with terrorism, exploitation of women and criminal activities. Islamic extremism subscribes to Jihadi Salafism ideals. International terrorism networks have been linked to Jihadi Salafism. Western media has created an impression to the general public that Jihadi Salafism is a contributor to religiously motivated criminal activities. The paper critically examines Jihadi Salafism, its history, modern day activities and United States policies that may have reinforced it. Jihadi Definition Jihad means striving to improve one’s spirituality. According to Prophet Mohammed, Jihad is about making oneself a better Muslim by practicing self- control, being more spiritual and displaying virtues. However Islamic extremists claim that Jihad is a holy war meant to defend and protect Islam from unbelievers, with force if necessary (Cottee, 2010). Salafism is a term derived from Salafist movement; Salafi movement is a reform movement that originated in Saudi Arabia among Sunni Muslims during the 18th century with a goal of fighting European colonialism. The Salafi movement advocated for Muslims to stay true to traditional Islamic beliefs and not to contaminate their faith by embracing Christian and European values. Jihadi Salafism is associated with military action and is meant to protect Islam from perceived negative influences of Euro- Western culture as well as influences from non- believers. Jihadi Salafists view politics as un-Islamic (Armborst, 2014). Jihadi History We will write a custom essay sample on Jihadi Salafism Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jihadi Salafism Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jihadi Salafism Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jihadi dates back to the crusades when Christians and Muslims were embroiled in religious fights. During the crusades, there were ferocious battles between Muslims and Christians with the aim of securing their holy places. Muslims and Christians perpetually disparaged each other’s religious beliefs during the crusades. The First crusade was victorious to Christians when after a long battle with Muslims, Jerusalem was returned to the hands of Christians. After defeat in the first crusade, Muslims vowed that they would pursue a holy war that would ensure they regain control of the whole region, present Middle East, North Africa, Israel, Turkey and Palestine. Muslims defeated Christians during the second crusade. During the third crusade, Muslims and Christians came into an agreement that peace should be allowed to prevail, ending the crusade. Christians and Muslims continued to fight in three subsequent crusades (Remman, 2014). Jihadi Salafism origin is Saudi Arabia and its init iators were Sunni Muslim who were distasteful of European colonialism during 18th century. The ideology believes that Muslims should return to authentic Islamic ways that were exhibited by Muslims of the first three generations. If a need arises to use force to protect their beliefs and ideologies, Jihadi Salafis should be ready to do so. Jihadi Salafism gained popularity in 1990’s. Al- Qaeda terrorist group is an organization that embodied Jihadi Salafism during 1990’s to early 21st century. Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIS) is the modern day leader of Jihadi Salafism. ISIS has continued to assert its power and influence in the world. ISIS is well known for using military force to assert its influence. More and more young people are joining ISIS by being converted to subscribe to Jihadi Salafism. New adherents to Jihadi Salafism are not only coming from the Arab world, young people from western countries are increasingly subscribing to Jihadi Salafism. Modern da y version of Jihadi Salafism is different from its earlier version. In present days, extreme force, slaughter and slavery of non- adherents is being used by Jihadi Salafists. Fellow Muslims have called present day Jihadi Salafists eccentric and renegades. Modern day Jihhadi Salafism ideology states that Muslims should only associate with ‘true’ Muslims and distance themselves from any person who is not a ‘true’ Muslim. This had made present day Jihadi Salafists very hostile to non- believers and fellow Muslims who do not subscribe to Jihadi Salafism (Emmanuel, 2014). US terrorism policies that may have reinforced Jihadi Salafism U.S war on terror policy may have reinforced the concept of Jihadi Salafism. Studies have revealed that for the last 12 years that the policy has been in operation, incidents of terror attacks orchestrated by Jihadi Salafism adherents have increased. Prior to 2001 when U.S policy on terror took effect, incidents of Jihadi Salafism terror attacks were very few, immediately the policy came into effect, the number of terror attacks ‘took off’, grew exponentially. Terrorism activities in Iraq led by Jihadi Salafists have increased steadily since the U.S war on terror policy came into effect. Terrorism activities in Afghanistan increased exponentially between 2001 and 2010. Terrorism activities orchestrated by Jihadi Salafists have increased in Asia since 2001. Terrorism activities orchestrated by Jihadi Salafistsn have increased in Africa since 2001 (Ramsay Marsden, 2015). United States Foreign policy may have reinforced the concept of Jihadi Salafism. U.S foreign policy of being the world’s watchman or commonly known as ‘big brother’ has created many terrorists as never before. Toppling of Saddam Hussein’s government and bringing down an Afghanistan government led by the Taliban movement has been said to have contributed to an increase in terrorism activities in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Al Qaeda, Al Shabab and Islamic State of Iraq and Levant are terrorism organizations that were formed as a rebellion against the U.S Foreign policy. The United States foreign policy is committed to spreading democracy and liberty all over the world. Jihadi Salafism ideologies are against liberal ideas perpetuated by the United States. Jihadi Salafism advocates for conservatism and traditional Islamic beliefs; this is contrary to liberal ideas that are supported by the United States. The friction with regard to ideological differences between Jihadi Salafists and the United States has made Jihadi Salafism more active in the world. Al Qaeda, Al Shabab and Islamic State of Iraq and Levant are all Jihadi Salafism adherents (McGlinchey, 2016). United States imperialistic policies are likely to have reinforced the concept of Jihadi Salafism. Given that the Salafism movement was originally formed to fight European Colonialism in Arabia, modern day Salafism movements may have been formed to fight United States imperialism. The United States is very influential in the world from economic, military and cultural perspectives. U.S imperialistic policies are meant to reinforce its dominance in the world. Jihadi Salafism ideologies assert that Muslims should not allow foreign forces to have any influence on their way of life. U.S imperialistic policies also support Christianity and its spread. There is a chance that the United States imperialistic policies may have reinforced the concept of Jihadi Salafism and contributed to emergence of terrorism groups such as Boko Haram and Abu Sayyaf (Badar, 2016). Had the West done things dif ferently, Jihadi terrorism as we know of it today would probably not be in existence. Had the West not continued with imposition of its ideas on non- Western societies, Jihadi terrorism would probably not be in existence. Imposition of foreign ideas on Muslims is against Jihadi Salafism ideologies. Had the West not continued to perpetuate its influence in the Arabic world, Jihadi Salafism would probably not be in existence. Jihadi Salafism is against influence from foreigners (unbelievers). Had the United States not introduced its policy on terror, Jihadi terrorism would probably not be in existence. Given that studies have revealed that Jihadi terrorism activities have increased since the war on terror policy came into effect; if the policy had not been introduced, things would have probably been different. Had the West stopped its behaviour of being involved in internal affairs of sovereign states in the Arab world, Jihadi terrorism would probably not be in existence. The West has developed a habit of being involved in internal affairs of sovereign Arab States such as Afghanistan, Iraq and Somali. As a matter Jihadi terrorism organization are only in existence in countries where the West has had a prior influence on their internal affairs. In conclusion, Jihadi Salafism is a growing global problem that has roots in the 18th century. It advocates for ensuring that Islam is protected from foreign influences and unbelievers. Most of the terrorism organizations from Islamic countries subscribe to Jihadi Salafism ideologies. Past and present U.S policies may have reinforced Jihadi Salafism. Some of the past and present policies that may have reinforced Salafism include U.S war on terror policy, U.S foreign policies and U.S imperialistic forces. Had the West done things differently, Jihadi terrorism as we know of it today would probably not be in existence. Had the West stopped to interfere with internal affairs of sovereign states and assert its influence in the world, Jihadi terrorism would probably not be in existence. References Armborst, A. (2014). Radicalisation and de-radicalisation of social movements: The comeback of political Islam?. Crime, Law and Social Change: an Interdisciplinary Journal, 62, 3, 235-255. Badar, M. E. (2016). The Road to Genocide: The Propaganda Machine of the Self-declared Islamic State. International Criminal Law Review, 16, 3, 361-411. Cottee, S. (2010). Mind Slaughter: The Neutralizations of Jihadi Salafism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33, 4, 330-352. Emmanuel, K. (2014). Defining and Understanding the Jihadi-Salafi Movement. Asian Security, 10, 2, 188-198. McGlinchey, S. (2016). Hassan al-Banna: A Starting Point for Contemporary Islamic Fundamentalism. E-international Relations, 2016-1. Ramsay, G. A., Marsden, S. V. (2015). Leaderless Global Jihadism: The Paradox of Discriminate Violence. Journal of Strategic Studies, 38, 5, 579-601. Remman, M. A. (2014). Jihadi salafists in the era of Arab democrat ic revolutions: â€Å"Ansar Al Shari’a† and the new political role. Journal of the Social Sciences,42, 2, 225-256.

Microtheme Essay Example

Microtheme Essay Example Microtheme Paper Microtheme Paper Surfing the web might harm your studies Surfing the web might harm your studies because it causes you to waste time. Whenever I go to study the first thing I do is open my computer. This harms my studies because I spend hours on Youths, socializing with friends, and I easily lose track of time. When Im surfing around on the Internet, even while studying, one of my main targets of interest is Youths. This is a streaming website where other users submit videos to be enjoyed by people, such as myself. I follow several people on Youths whom upload videos daily, due to this I can spend hours watching videos to make sure I dont miss anything. By the time Im done, most of the day will be gone and I have very little time to do anything else, such as study. Another distraction that harms my studies whilst on the Internet is socializing with friends through video games. When I get into a video game I usually play for a minimum of four hours before moving onto something else In my day. This is harmful to my studying because I waste a lot of time, and my eyes get very tired making it hard to read information. Whether Its watching videos on Youths, playing a game, or Just searching for information around a random topic that Interests me, I easily lose track of time. Vive been known to grab hold off topic and not let go until I find the information Im looking for or until my body finally tells me that Its far past bedtime. At first thought you may think this Is not a bad habit but the topics I choose are always irrelevant to studying. This Is detrimental because a lot of time gets wasted with no fruitful results In my studies. This Is why I believe surfing the web harms my studies. Microfiche By Cackled before moving onto something else in my day. This is harmful to my studying information. Whether its watching videos on Youths, playing a game, or Just reaching for information around a random topic that interests me, I easily lose track of time. Vive been known to grab hold of a topic and not let go until I find the information Im looking for or until my body finally tells me that its far past bedtime. At first thought you may think this is not a bad habit but the topics I choose are always irrelevant to studying. This is detrimental because a lot of time gets wasted with no fruitful results in my studies.

Preamble to the Constitution Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Preamble to the Constitution - Term Paper Example The term â€Å"We the people† (Morris) was a revolutionary move for the time-frame; it went against all former precedents of naming each state that ratified a document, it cut out the possibility of developing ruling factions from within. (Cullop) Patrick Henry asserted that the wording meant an intention to â€Å"create a consolidated national government-not a system as planned by James Madison which was neither nationalist nor federalist-but a combination of both.†3 If the term â€Å"we are a collection†, had been used, it would have taken longer for the people of America to have a defined sense of identity-one that brought them together as a new nation. Collections of people are always in the process of self-definition, whereas immediately aligning American citizens as one people, the writers of the preamble gave Americans a sense of identity. ... (Hamilton) In writing the Preamble, the authors tried to address the major concerns of the nationalists. One of those concerns was justice: â€Å"In the 18th century, - law enforcement depended on active community support and participation, popular resistance was informal and extralegal—consisting of everything from polite petitions for repeal to outright obstruction of the law in the form of jury nullification and violent mob action. The creation of a national republic led to efforts to domesticate these sorts of activities.†5 By including â€Å"establish justice† in the Preamble as one of the main reasons for writing the Constitution, they were declaring that all men would receive fair treatment under the law if accused of a crime, and ensure all men had equality within the law. The Constitution did not always establish justice; after all, with each of the amendments to the Constitution established laws have been struck down, amended or adopted in favor of citi zens’ rights. The symbol of the Supreme Court is-â€Å"Equal Justice Under Law†6, yet, for many years now the Supreme Court has seemed to ‘make constitutional law’ instead of using it as a guideline. As far back as 1976, this was seen to be a major issue in this country, when this question was asked by Professor Lusky; â€Å"the question whether the United States Supreme Court is still the law's servant or has become its master.†7 The final topic relates to â€Å"provide for the general welfare†, which appears twice in the Constitution; once in the Preamble and again in Article 1, Section 8. It was placed in the Preamble as a result of ongoing concern for economic stability. The framers of the constitution therefore authorized Congress to be able to

Reflection Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reflection Papers - Essay Example Similarly, the contestation over the significance and meanings of ‘girl power’ and girl culture have produced new relationship between feminism, girls, and popular culture. In particular, popular culture has always been the primary focus of feminism (Biddle & Gibson, 2009). Apparently, the impact of contemporary life on women and the importance of popular culture to mapping ideologies and desires around the modern woman have been of vast interest to feminists. As a popular civilization, girl culture is conceivably a form of feminism. Many of the contemporary feminist approaches underline the active deployment of popular culture by women. In summary, the complexity in discussing or analyzing the relations between Spice Girls and their fans suggests the difficulty surrounding ‘identification’ (Biddle & Gibson, 2009). According to British cultural theorists, Paddy Whannel and Stuart Hall assert that the pop stars girls admire are tangible idealizations of life of a typical teenager, and not merely remote stars. In addition, the psychoanalytic principle claims that girls are normally characterized by over-investment in objects. The principle reflects or denotes a fear of separation and

President Reagan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

President Reagan - Essay Example President Reagan was a firm believer in this methodology and almost immediately set to work on dismantling government entitlement programs when he signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA). OBRA served to cut federal funding programs for the poor as well as inducements for states to provide funding. Unfortunately, cutting funding for programs was not enough to revolutionize the welfare programs in the way that conservative ideologues desired. In order to completely undermine the progressive system of entitlements to the poor, the Reagan administration began to use tax reform as a method of undercutting welfare. By cutting taxes and instituting such concepts as the Earned Income Credit, Reagan gave the appearance of helping poor families, but the tax cut gains hardly made up for the loss in benefits the poor no longer received because of cuts and changes to entitlement programs. Throughout the Reagan presidency, cuts and rollbacks to welfare programs were systematically enacted even as the income gap between the richest and poorest Americans reached peak proportions. While the wealthy were benefiting from tax cuts, the poor were actually losing ground because of them.

Criminology Essays | Robbery Violence Weapons

Criminology Essays | Robbery Violence Weapons Robbery Violence Weapons Introduction Armed robbery can be defined as the process of seizing property through violence which can even involve killing of people in most of the societies and involves the use of weapons. It involves the act of depriving one the right to posses his/her property through the use of force by the robbers and it’s against the law. So you will find that there is a forced intimidation which is imposed on victim/victims by the use of force. Armed robbery take many forms and a good example to explain this is when a thief grabs a purse off the victims hands while on the other hand armed robbery involves the use of violence that is the robber is forced to use weapons. But in this case whether one uses a weapon to threaten another person or whether a robber snatches ones pulse and runs away with it is a bad habit which needs to be stopped in most of the societies. This is because there is a growing case of insecurities which is happening in most of the societies and am going to try and recommend the policy of doubling the maximum prison term for the armed robbers here in Kenya. (Kennedy, 1994). Policy of doubling the prison term is the way to go This is the time the state has to fight the war of crime and the only way to do this is through putting in to action some policies which will eventually fight crimes in our state. Crimes can have its own negative impacts to the members of the state and also to the state at large. You find that more resources have been put in place to fight crimes but all these methods which have been used have all proved ineffective due to the fact that the issue of criminals is increasing day and night. Policies need to be put in place instead of putting the countries resources in trying to combat this particular behavior. Am proposing the policy of doubling the prison term for those people who are convicted with the armed robbery since I tent to think it’s through this policy that most of the criminals plus those people still wanting to become criminals will be in a position to deter their behaviors and engage in other economic activities. Doubling the prison term for the armed robbers will have many advantages than it is today. This is because through doubling the prison term, you will find that most of the people intending to become robbers will tend to decrease in that it will bring a sense of fear to most of the armed robbers. This is one of the habits which need to be stopped with immediate effect since many people have fallen victims of armed robbery whereby some people end up loosing their property or even loosing their lives. (Kennedy, 1994). People have the right to posses their own property but some people have the habit of taking their property away which is of course wrong. Every citizen of a given country should have the pleasure to be protected by the ruling government. So in order to be in a position to curb the armed robbery, the best policy to adopt in this case is doubling the maximum prison term which is given to the armed robbers. It is due to this that the country will be in a position to record a decreasing number of armed robbers in the country. So you will find that once this particular bill has been implemented, you will find that the ex- convicted felons plus those people are still planning to become armed robbers will tend to see that the state is very much serious with handling the criminals cases especially the armed robbers. The bill will also act as a warning to other criminals with similar robbery behaviors hence leading to a peaceful nation in our country. So in this case the way forward to go is only through doubling the prison term for the armed robbers since they are threatening people’s lives and properties a lot. People feel insecure and yet they are in their own country. They are supposed to be proud in their own country but instead the country has become a den of robbers whereby people are not supposed to own their own property simply because some people somewhere will take them away from them. So I tend to think that proposing the bill will mean a decreased rate of armed robbers plus other criminals on the streets and in many societies in which they come from. (Kennedy, 1994). It’s also through doubling the prison charges to the convicted people that te country will be in a position to control the use of guns by many robbers. This is because you find that most of the armed robbers use guns and the biggest question is where they accessed these guns. So you will find that if a bill is passed on doubling the prison terms for the robbers, most of the guns which are used by these robbers will tend to decline as a result of so many people who will surrender robbing other by the use of these guns. You find that most of the non military people are in possession of guns and hence they use these guns when robbing people both in the rural areas and also at the urban areas. So the best thing to try and control the issue of gun use by the robbers will at the same rime decline since those people who will be caught in possession of these guns against the law which face a serious penalty which will be imposed after the bill has been recommended. One of the most visible issues under debate today in most of the countries is that whether the federal government should regulate the possession of the firearms by most of the individuals today. Some of the methods which have been applied to regulate these firearms are by making it hard for those individuals who would wish to buy these firearms. This is achieved through the strictly selling of these arms by the members who are recognized by the federal states, by improving the safety of these guns and also by regulating sales at gun shows. So you will find that if this bill is passed, then those people who sell these guns to the robbers will not have a market to sale them. This is because there will be only a few deviants who will be willing to have these guns since they are fearing been convicted with the guns. So if the bill of doubling the prison terms for the armed robbers is passed, you will also find that less people will be in possession of these guns and hence security levels will rise. (Bridges, 2000). The economy of the country will also increase in that most of the people who were intending to become robbers will get involved in other economic activities which will lead to the economic growth of the country. This is because the populations of those criminals who have been convicted of armed robbery are so many and this labor can be used in other economic activities of our country hence leading to the economic growth. So you will find that with the passing of the bill, then many people will tend to become economically productive since most of the countries labor is been used in non economic activities like the armed robbery and threatening peoples life. People will also at the same time feel secure and have a since of been protected by their own country. This is because the citizens will be in a position to realize that the government is still doing something on the issue of insecurity which is growing at an exponential rate. It will mean that people can do their economic activities with no fear since the government in this case is taking a keen action on those people who are convicted with the armed robbery. (Lott, 2000). You will also find that the money which was used in building the prisons for these people will also decline in the sense that you will find that it’s only a few deviants who will be caught with such behaviors. You find that most of the government budget has been constraints by the issue of building more prisons to put these criminals. This is a lot of money which is actually going to waste and could be used in other economic activities. This is because the legislature only needs to pass the bill and start working immediately. This is because you find that most of the criminals have already adapted to been in the prisons for quite a short time and hence don’t usually find it a challenge for them. So you will find that if this bill is passed, then automatically it will mean that fewer individuals will be willing to get involved in such crimes since they are sure that the charges are so high for them. This bill should also go with removing fines which are given to such criminals. This will definitely ensure that many people will be deterred from such offenses and hence the government budget which was used in building prisons will now be used in other economic activities say the provision of free health services or even free education to the needy people in our society. So am trying to propose this bill to the state legislature since this is one of the best policies which the judiciary has to put in practice since many people in our societies are crying of the increased rates of insecurity levels which are also affecting their economic activities and also their standards of living. If the government put in practice this particular policy, it is the time it will notice a change in the number of criminals who are now at our prisons are more are still on the way coming since you find that in every day, someone somewhere has to be convicted of the armed robbery and the prisons are not even enough to hold all these people so the government has to take the initiativ e of constructing more prisons to hold all these criminals. (Lott, 2000) Conclusion Armed robbery is one of the crimes which require the government intervention through the state legislature, law enforcement, criminologists and prosecutors to work together towards ensuring that this behavior is curbed. The proposed prison term for doubling the prison term for those people who are convicted with armed robbery will in a way aid in deterring those individuals in the societies who are planning to commit such crimes. It is the only way forward in that if we double the prison term for them, then many people will tend to run away from the crime since no one would accept serving at the prison for more than 10 years. So it’s due to this that most of the people who are intending to become criminals in future will look for other careers since its penalties are so high for them to achieve. Reference Lott, J. (2000): More guns, less crimes: Understanding crime and gun control laws. New York, the Lindesmith Center. Bridges, G. (2000): â€Å"Crime, Social structure and criminal punishment. White and non White rates of imprisonment.† Social problems Journal, Vol. 34(4). Kennedy, R. (1994): â€Å"The state and the criminal law†. Law Review Journal, Vol. 107.

The Global Warming Debate Essay -- Climate Change Debate

The concept of global warming has become one of the most widely debated and controversial topics of our time. Scientists learned long ago that the earth’s climate has powerfully shaped the history of humanity. However, it is only in the past few decades that research has revealed that humans have a significant influence on the climate as well. A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that since 1950, the world’s climate has been warming, primarily as a result of emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of tropical forests. More importantly, an article titled "Global Warming" published in the New York Times shows that methane, a gas that is emitted from landfills, livestock and oil gas facilities, is a close second to the carbon dioxide impact on the atmosphere (â€Å"Global Warming†). Though there are many scientists who support and can prove that global warming really does exist, a team of scientists from Competitive Ent erprise Institute (CEI) spend their time and energy disproving the myths behind global warming. According to the CEI website, CEI is a company that specializes in debunking those who warn about global warming and climate change (Competitive Enterprise Institute). CEI was founded in 1984 by a group of scientists who all wanted to answer the same question: is global warming real or is it a myth? A compelling argument is presented by the scientists who work for CEI who believe that global warming is a bunch of nonsense that the government wants the public to believe. I believe that instead of believing what the government tells us is true about global warming, we should take action and find the truth ourselves. My argument will begin with an analysis of ... ...hange.† The EPA: Climate Change- Science. EPA, 2011. Web, 9 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Global Warming.† New York Times. 30 Sept. 2011. N. pag. Print. Hawken, Paul. Blessed Unrest. 1st ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007. 2. Print. "Home." The Greens/Green Party USA. Green Party, 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. Horner, Christopher C. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Global Warming: (and Environmentalism). Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2007. Print. Jenkins, Amber. Site editor. "Global Warming: Vital Signs of the Planet." Climate Change: Evidence. NASA, 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. Johnson, Paul. â€Å"The Nonsense of Global Warming.† Forbes. 182. 6. (2008): 25. Print Kump, Lee R. "The Last Great Global Warming." Scientific American. 305.1 (Jul 2011): 56-61. Print. Starck, Walter. "Global Warming - Myth, Threat or Opportunity." National Observer. Winter.77 (2008): 43-47. Print.

Police Perception In My Community Essay

INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE Community Oriented Policing is a philosophy and not a specific tactic, It is a proactive, decentralized approach, designed to reduce crime, disorder, and by extension, fear of crime, by intensely involving the same officer in the same community on a long-term basis, so that residents will develop trust to cooperate with police by providing information and assistance to achieve those three crucial goals (Trojanowicz   and Carter,1988) The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (Crime Act) is widely recognized as a significant milestone in community policing. It was intended by President Clinton and Attorney General Reno as the â€Å"changing of policing.† The legislation provided the funding vehicle for an additional 100,000 police officers to boost law enforcement efforts in a climate of nationwide anxiety about crime. The Act gave the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (OCOPS) the task of supporting a major drive toward rooting community policing in solid foundations to become the prevailing orthodoxy in American law enforcement. (Nicholl, 1999) Law Enforcement Agencies throughout the country look to Office of Community Oriented Policing Services to improve their own services. According to OCOPS, â€Å" Community policing focuses on crime and social disorder through the delivery of police services that includes aspects of traditional law enforcement, as well as prevention, problem-solving, community engagement, and partnerships. The community policing model balances reactive responses to calls for service with proactive problem-solving centered on the causes of crime and disorder. Community policing requires police and citizens to join together as partners in the course of both identifying and effectively addressing these issues.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important to note then the Public’s Perception of the Police is an essential element for the success of Community Policing-based strategies. Throughout the country, studies have been made that correlate Police Perception and Community Policing. During the past 20 years, there has been an expanding body of research examining citizens’ attitudes toward the police. Most of this research has been directed at assessing the determinants of these attitudes. In contrast, less attention has been focused on the reasons why citizens hold certain attitudes (Frank et al,2005) The author then, as a member of the Chesterfield Police Department, has a special interest in Community Policing and Police Perception, most especially in his own community. This research them aims to study Police Perception particularly in the Community of Chesterfield Township, a part of The County of Macomb in the state of Michigan.   It is worth mentioning that The   Chesterfield Police Department ‘s aim is embodied in its mission statement:   it is committed to providing the highest quality of public service and crime prevention while maintaining the public’s respect and protecting the rights and dignity of everyone. The Chesterfield Police Department is dedicated to strong community relationships while providing a safe environment to enhance the quality of life for our citizens and visitors, which is very much in line with the concept of Community Policing. This is further supported by this Police Department’s value statement , abbreviated as POLICE, which includes developing an everlasting PARTNERSHIP between the Community, having a dedicated to the OATH of protecting and serving all people ,recognizing the importance of all Department members and Citizens, treating each other with fairness, LOYALTY and respect , maintaining   the highest degree of INTEGRITY, being responsible and accountable for their own actions and decisions , believing that COOPERATION and teamwork will enable them to achieve all goals of this Department and having a commitment   to EXCELLENCE in the performance of their   duties (http://www.chesterfieldtownshippolice.com/values.htm)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Chesterfield Police Department’s Mission and Value statements share the same elements with the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services which aims   â€Å"to help law enforcement agencies implement and enhance community policing, defined   as â€Å"a policing philosophy that promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving tactics and police-community partnerships.†Ã¢â‚¬  (C.O.P.S. http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=36/ )   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chesterfield Township is located in Macomb County, Michigan and encompasses an area of approximately 26 square miles. The population at the 2000 census was 37,004.   This increased to 446,962 in the year 2006. (Muller, 2006) The Township was established in 1842 and became a Charter Township in 1989 by Resolution. (Pall, 2002)   In Chesterfield, The number of violent crimes recorded by the FBI in 2003 was 28. The number of murders and homicides was 1. The violent crime rate was 0.7 per 1,000 people.   Meanwhile, in the whole Macomb county, of which Chesterfield is included, a total of   22,395 were reported for the year 2000 , a majority of reports were for Larceny and Motor vehicle theft. Sixteen of the reports for that year were on murder, 309 for rape and 384 reports on robbery for that year (Federal Bureau of Investigation to the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, University of Michigan)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is in from scope then that the author gathered data for the completion of this research Guided by feedback from other researches undertaken on Police Perception of the community such as these:   Ã‚   â€Å"Gathering data on crime and community policing at the local level not only supplements our national data, but also allows local officials to identify their particular crime control needs,† said Bureau of Justice Statistics Director Jan Chaiken.   â€Å"As part of the Justice Department’s emphasis on police working with residents in their neighborhoods, we are giving local law enforcement agencies tools to learn more about crimes and public opinion that may not be reported to the police.† Community policing is a crime fighting strategy that encourages law enforcement to work in partnership with the community to solve crime problems. The high degree of citizen support for America’s neighborhood police officers is a testament to the dedicated men and women who work day in and day out to establish relationships with residents in their communities,† said Deputy Attorney General Eric Holder.   â€Å"These relationships help citizens and police work together to promote community safety.† (Smith et al, 1999)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In light of these statements, this research was undertaken to determine the Police Perception in the Community of Chesterfield Township, whether it is positive or negative through the use of a Police Perception survey adapted from earlier studies made by other police department in certain cities, particularly Portland (Campbell De long, 2005) , Pasadena (Police Assessment Resource Center, 2006). Chicago (The Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium, 2004) and Kentucky (Kentucky Crime Prevention Coalition) it also aims to provide demographic breakdown of survey respondents in relation to their Police Perception in Chesterfield Township.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such information will enable the Chesterfield Police Department to continue living out their mission statement and embody the philosophy of Community Policing by either maintaining or improving their performance based on their community’s police perception, as will be determined by the survey done for this study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the hope of this author that this research will also lead to the initiation of other studies concerning his community and the other areas in the County of Macomb, and even the State of Michigan to further improve the Police Departments public service performance to ensure the safety of the citizens. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The idea of examining Police Perception is not new. The community’s perception of the police department has been linked to the success of police programs to promote safety in the neighborhood. A study made by Gallagher. Et al in 2001, summarizes the studies made regarding Police Image and Community’s perception of the Police in a â€Å"The Public Image of the Police: Final Report to The International Association of Chiefs of Police. Research findings point out that : â€Å"Polls of the adult population in the United States since the 1960s show that the majority of the public has an over-all positive view of the police. Depending on the year and the particular measure used, the percentage of respondents with a positive assessment of police has been between 51 and 81 percent. When asked to assess service to their own neighborhoods, respondents tend to produce even higher evaluations. Relatively few citizens offer a negative assessment of police. (Gallagher et al. 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research also recognizes that Police Perception has a great impact on the success of the promulgation of Community Policing. Trojanowicz & Carter(   1991) discuss the philosophy and role of community policing. It points out that â€Å"Community Policing’s unique contribution is a radical departure from the past and the present. While today’s community policing efforts retain the best elements of the foot patrol programs of the past, they are intended to avoid both the old system’s abuses and shortcomings.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In â€Å"Community Policing, Community Justice, and Restorative Justice: Exploring the Links for the Delivery of a Balanced Approach to Public Safety† Nicholl in 1999 with a report funded by Grant No. 98-CK-WX-0059 awarded to the National Victim Center by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. It discusses the concept of Community extensively, in a policy-maker’s perspective.   Liou & Savage make the connection between Community Policing Strategies and Public Perception of Police through their research â€Å"Citizen Perception of Community Policing Impact† This study examines the impact of community policing by analyzing citizens’ perception of crime and police work before and after implementation of a community-oriented policing program in three neighborhoods in the city of West Palm Beach, Florida. The study reveals very positive findings about the community policing, including: perception of decreased local crime, increased perception of police performance, neighborhood improvement, and police-community relationship. Implications concerning the relationship between the community and the police, and citizen satisfaction and public services are discussed.( Liou & Savage) Many other studies have been done to examine Police perception and these take into consideration different variables, being done in various settings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Frank, Smith and Novak (2005) focused on the reasons why citizens have certain attitudes towards police officer. Their study â€Å"uses the survey responses of 613 residents of a Midwestern city to examine the information accessed by citizens when responding to questions regarding their general and specific attitudes toward the police. The findings suggest that citizens focus on attributes of agencies and encounters, some focus on the behavior of officers during interactions, and others base their attitudes on general perceptions of the occupation of policing.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A comprehensive look at   Police perception issues can be found in Brown & Benedict’s article â€Å"Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications† which is a   research updates and expands upon Decker’s article â€Å"Citizen attitudes toward the police: a review of past findings and suggestions for future policy† by summarizing the findings from more than 100 articles on perceptions of and attitudes toward the police. Initially, the value of research on attitudes toward the police is discussed. Then the research pertaining to the impact of individual level variables (e.g. race) and contextual level variables (e.g. neighborhood) on perceptions of the police is reviewed. Studies of juveniles’ attitudes toward the police, perceptions of police policies and practices, methodological issues and conceptual issues are also discussed. This review of the literature indicates that only four variables (age, contact with police, neighborhood, and race) have consistently been proven to affect attitudes toward the police. (Brown & Benedict,2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of application, several police departments have made their own studies on Police Perception. â€Å"Community Policing in Chicago an Evaluation of Chicago’s Alternative Policing Strategy†   Prepared by The Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium was done in through a grant awarded to   award to the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority in 2004. The â€Å"Portland Police Bureau 2005 Community Assessment Survey† was conducted for: City of Portland, Bureau of Police by Campbell de long resources Inc in August 2005 Police Assessment Resource Center and   Vera Institute of Justice completed â€Å"Assessing Police-Community Relations in Pasadena, California† in 2006 . The Kentucky Crime Prevention Coalition, meanwhile, adapted the use of a Community Policing Survey. HYPOTHESIS H0= There is no significant percentage of Chesterfield Residents who have a have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department H1= There is a significant percentage of Chesterfield Residents who Have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department METHODOLOGY:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taking into consideration the limitations in man power and resources for this research, a simple random sampling method was applied to come up with the survey results.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the calculation for a 95 per cent confidence level and confidence interval of five, the sample size was 275.   The survey was conducted by distributing survey forms in several households   around the Township of Chesterfield. Respondents were limited to Chesterfield residents above 18 years of age. Only one respondent per household was accepted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These survey forms, consisting of eight simple questions pertaining to the residents’ perception of the police, which was based on survey forms used by other Police Departments as stated in the literature review. Only eight questions were included in the survey, because these questions focused on Police Perception. This is due to the scope and resource limitation stated earlier. A copy of this questionnaire is included in the appendix section of this paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This study’s objective is to present data about Police Perception of the residents of the Township of Chesterfield in Macomb County in the State of Michigan. This research is done to show that the general perception of police in the sample population perceive the police positively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The sample size was 275 respondents in the township of Chesterfield, which has a population of 446,962 in the   latest census in the year 2006. Based on a confidence level of 95 and a confidence interval of 5, the sample size is sufficient to estimate the response of this community regarding their perception of the Chesterfield Police Department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure 1 shows the demographic breakdown of respondents by race. More than half of the respondents were Caucasians, which also reflected the actual population of Caucasians, 93 % of Chesterfield population, in the 2000 Census made by the US Census Bureau. In the sample population, 61 per cent was composed of Caucasian or white residents. Other races composes   14.5 percent and 12 percent were of African-American descent. Asians comprised 5.5 per cent and 4.4 % of sample population were Hispanics/Latino. Meanwhile, 1.1 per cent was   American Indians and Pacific islanders compose on 0.7 per cent. Based on these figures, it can be surmised that the Chesterfield Township was predominantly Caucasian, in terms of the population. The relationship of this data to the results concerning Police Perception will be discussed later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study only included residents who were 18 years old of age and above. The data shows that   majority of respondents were from the 18-29 age group, with a percentage of 39 of the sample population. The age group with the least number of respondents was that of residents 50-59 years old, representing only 9 per cent of the sample population. This signifies that the Chesterfield township has fairly young residents, as seen by the larger percentage of those below middle age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Given the limited man power and resources, the author opt to estimate Police Perception using only eight questions adapted from other studies stated earlier. The first three questions were on how the community perceived police officers, based on their encounters. The fourth question estimated the residents’ opinion about the adequacy of the number of police officers in the community. The fifth, sixth and seventh questions estimated residents’ perception of police based on three parameters- behavior, ability to assess needs and relationship of police officers to residents themselves. The last question asked the residents to give their over-all perception by indicating their rating for the Chesterfield Township Police Department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure 3 Police Perception Responses in Chesterfield Township Community shows the relationships of responses of residents to the first three survey questions. As evident in the chart, answers for the questions on police perception based on encounters follow a similar pattern, indicating that most respondents agree that police officers are prompt, professional and fair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure 4 represents the respondent’s opinion on the need for more police officers in the community. Based on the results gathered, majority, 36.4 per cent , slightly agree that there is a need for more police officers in the community. As a whole, though, it can be seen that more residents disagreed and strongly disagreed, 14.5 and 7.3 per cent respectively, that there was further need for more police presence as compared to respondents who agreed,9.1 per cent, and strongly agreed,1.8 per cent to the augmentation of police visibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With regard to the Chesterfield community’s perception of Police based on three parameters, their responses follow a similar trend, as evident in Figure 5. In terms of behavior, 49 . 5 per cent rated police â€Å"Good†. 32. 7 % gave Chesterfield police officers a rating of â€Å"excellent†. â€Å"Fair was how 14. 5 per cent rated police in the community while 3.6 per cent did not know how to answer this question. In their ability to address the need of the community, Chesterfield police officers were   again rated â€Å"Good† by 54 . 5 per cent of   the residents.    An â€Å"Excellent† rating was given by 29.1 per cent, while â€Å"Fair† was what 11. 6 per cent deemed appropriate. There were 4.7 per cent of the population, though, that didn’t know how to rate their police officers. When it comes to relationships between Chesterfield residents and their community’s police, majority, 43.6 per cent chose to rate this, as â€Å"Good†, Fair was give as rating by 27. 3 per cent of the population and 21.8 gave an â€Å"Excellent† mark. There were 7.3 residents, though that were still unsure how to rate the Chesterfield community’s relationship with its police officers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on this information, Police perception in   the areas specified were rated â€Å"Good† by a majority of Chesterfield residents. This point out a positive view of the township’s police officers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In relation to this positive response, the over-all rating of Chesterfield township community residents is seen in Figure 6. However, here, we see a shift of the rating from â€Å"Good† to Fair†. Apparently, most residents, 40.4 per cent particularly, perceive the Chesterfield Police Departments’ performance as â€Å"Fair†. Thirty two per cent believe that the township’s police deserve a â€Å"good† rating. Approximately 25 per cent believe their Police force is â€Å"Excellent† HYPOTHESIS TESTING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This limitation of this study has been presented in the previous chapters. It is important to reiterate that this is mainly, a descriptive study. However, for research purposes, the Hypothesis that â€Å" There is a significant percentage of Chesterfield Residents who Have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department† has been stated, with its corresponding null hypothesis â€Å" There is   no significant lower percentage of Chesterfield Residents who have a have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department†. Based on the data presented, there is evidence to believe that on all eight questions, the community’s police perception leaned towards a positive image of the members of the Chesterfield Police department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although specific statistical tools were not applied on the data, the descriptive statistics show that the Hypothesis should be accepted and the null hypothesis are rejected. CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This study aims to observe the Chesterfield community’s perception of its police officers. Based on the data present, it is evident that most residents of this community hold a positive perception of their police officers. Descriptive Statistics show evidence of these, based on the percentages of positive responses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This study, however is simplistic and there are a lot about Police perception these communities that should be evaluated so that they are translated into information that can improve the services of the Police Department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The data gathered for this research however, can be a guide to others who will pursue such inquiry on Police Perception and who are interested in this area as a means on evaluation of Community Policing Programs, much like what other police   departments have done in their respective communities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important to point out, however, that more resource be invested in such an endeavor to be able to come up with data that is comprehensive and more accurate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the hope of this author, though that this simple research has given a glimpse of the Chesterfield’s community’s perception of its police officers, and serve as a spring board to more advanced and relevant research.    REFERENCES: Annan, Sampson O.(1995) NATIONAL SURVEY OF COMMUNITY POLICING   STRATEGIES, 1992-1993 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Washington, DC: The Police Foundation [producer], 1994. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], Brown, B. & Benedict W. (2002) Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   conceptual issues and policy implications Policing: An International Journal of Police  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategies & Management, 25,543 – 580 Campbell Delong Resources, Inc.(2005) Portland Police Bureau 2005 Community Assessment   Survey Conducted for: City of Portland, Bureau of Police RETRIVED   27 APRIL 2008 from http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=105839 Chesterfield, Michigan. Podunk, The Power of Place retrieved 29 April 2008 from http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=21700    Frank, J, Smith, B.W., Novak, K.J. (2005)Exploring the Basis of Citizens’ Attitudes Toward  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the Police Police Quarterly 8, 206-228 Gallagher, Maguire, E., Mastrofski, S., Reisig, D.(2001) â€Å"The Public Image of the Police:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Final Report to The International Association of Chiefs of Police By The Administration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Justice Program George Mason University†.   International Association of Chiefs of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police retrieved on   28 April 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://theiacp.org/profassist/ethics/public_image.ht Liou,K.T.& Savage,E.G. â€Å"Citizen Perception of Community Policing Impact†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Public Administration and Management: An Interactive Journal. Retrieved on  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   28 April 2008 from http://www.pamij.com/liou1.html Mission Statement. 2007. Chesterfield Township Police Department, retrieved 27 April 2008 from http://www.chesterfieldtownshippolice.com/mission.htm Nicholl, Caroline G. (1999).Community Policing, Community Justice, and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Restorative Justice: Exploring the Links for the Delivery of a Balanced Approach to Public Safety. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Police Assessment Resource Center &   Vera Institute of Justice. (2006) â€Å"Assessing Police-Community Relations in Pasadena, California.† retrieved on 28 April 2008 from http://www.parc.info/client_files/Pasadena/Assessing%20Police%20Community%20Relations%20in%20Pasadena%20California.pdf Scaglion , R. & Condon, R.   (1980)   Determinants Of Attitudes Toward City Police.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Criminology 17, 485–494 Sims, B., Hooper,M., Peterson S.A. (2002)   Determinants of citizens’ attitudes toward police:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Results of the Harrisburg Citizen Survey – 1999 Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25, 457 – 471 The Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium ( 2004 ) â€Å"CAPS at Ten :Community Policing in Chicago An Evaluation of Chicago’s Alternative Policing Strategy†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Institute for Police Research retrieved 27 April 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/policing_papers/Yr10-CAPSeval.pdf Trojanowicz R.C.   & Carter, D.   The Philosophy and Role of Community Policing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The National Center for Community Policing, Michigan State University.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   retrieved on 28 April 2008. fromhttp://www1.cj.msu.edu/~people/cp/cpphil.html

Harriet Tubman essays

Harriet Tubman essays Harriet Tubman was a brave woman, she managed to take eleven slaves to Canada, with no one noticing anything. She also did something that was surprising, she took the gun that she had with her to make a slave stay or to die, "We got to go free or die." She didn't allowed a slave to go back while they were traveling because someone might figured that he/she were returning from the running slaves and might have to answer questions. She traveled to differents places to stay like Thomas Garret's house in Wilmington, Delaware. She wanted to get to Canada to have a chance to feel what it would be like to be free. She painted pictures of what she thought Canada would be like, that shows she wanted to be free. In the couples of houses she stopped to get food and to get warm, I believe the persons that owned the houses agreed that they should be free, but they were too afraid to make a move. At the start of the story they were searching for Moses who they thought it was a man, which it was no t it was Harriet Tubman, who wanted to run off slaves. The slaves at the story were patience. Harriet had promised them food, and shelter, when they got to the first stop in the farmhouse the man said they were a lot of slaves and that it was not safe, because the farmhouse had been searched a week ago before they arrived there, so they didn't had what she had promised them. The slaves didn't screamed at her or complained. When they arrived to Canada I think that even though they went through difficulties they got what they always dreamed, FREEDOM which means the condition of being free of restraints. They had to pay a valuable price in able to get freedom which is their lives. They could been killed if they gave up and people would find out, they worked hard to make their dream come true. Harriet is a woman who fought for her rights, and won. Mark Twain thought that being a pilot was cool, because they got paid a good sal ...

Napoleon as an Enlightened Despot essays

Napoleon as an Enlightened Despot essays Enlightened despotism is defined as the theory that a ruler should rule in such a way as to efficiently better the lives of the people and the state. This theory comes from the enlightenment itself, and was a social revolution in terms of government. Rulers such as Maria Theresa of Austria, and Catherine the Great all worked toward the betterment of society, at times using their absolute rule to enforce this system of improvement. Napoleon is a classic example of such a ruler and clearly throughout his rule, exhibits the characteristics of an enlightened despot. The first example of Napoleons despotism is seen in the multitude of military conflicts in which France was involved during his rule. Using the absolute rule which an enlightened despot possesses, he successfully defeated Prussia, Russia and Austria. A democratic or republican government would have required votes and debate as to involvement in these numerous wars, however, under Napoleons rule, simply his desire to expand the French empire led to these campaigns, which resulted in the French continental empire stretching from southern Spain all the way to the Polish frontier. Furthermore, evidence of the totalitarian and despotic nature of Napoleons rule can be seen in his coronation ceremony. At this point in the development of the monarchical structure of European society, it was common, if not necessary, for the monarch to receive endorsement from a religious power. In the case of France, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, the Pope granted religious investigure by coronation. It was a symbol that the monarchs power was derived from God. However, Napoleon chose to alter this trend when he wrested the crown from the hands of the pope and placed it on his own head. Subsequently, he crowned his wife queen. This indicates that Napoleon is not indebted to a higher power, that he is the ultimate authority, a classic sign of a despot. ...

Wind turbine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wind turbine - Essay Example According to the United States of America’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL), a small wind turbine is a type of turbine that is smaller than 1,000 kilowatts. They also have aero cable blades, vanes, current generators and lifetime bearing. It is, of course, my right choice for the best turbine because it is less costly and can be effectively used in places with harsh weather conditions(Dan F. & B. Dan, 2008). This makes it suitable as an energy source in places like telecom towers, rural schools and clinics, offshore platforms, grand residential and remote monitoring areas where there is no reliable electric grid coverage. This makes it as the best alternative source of power in such places. Design For this type of turbine to effectively and sufficiently perform its duties, it should be well designed and installed. This means that the necessary architectural procedures and materials should be put in place. Hence, a good one should have an aerodynamic model to help in determining the maximum height of the tower and control the number and shapes of the blades used. A proper installation is essential for it to perform well. Meaning, they can either be mounted on a tower or a building as tall as 30 feet. This will definitely help it to be above any obstacle that can act as a barrier in their smooth operations.

Molecular Biology of the Cell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Molecular Biology of the Cell - Assignment Example Be it the way the petals of a sunflower are arranged, or the way feathers are organized on a bird’s wings, patterns will be observed. Even at the microscopic level, biological order exists. Organs, for instance, are composed of a single type of tissues. Tissues, on the other hand, are composed of a single type of cells. An organism is not simply a random collection of individual cells (Gerhardt et al., 1994). Rather, it is a product of an ordered grouping of cells. Next, living things demonstrate the ability to reproduce. According to the Cell Theory, only life begets life (Alberts et al., 1994). Only dogs bear pups; only trees give off seedlings, and only bears deliver bear cubs. The third property is growth and development. Over time, multicellular organisms increase in size, as a result of the increase in the number of cells in its body. Among unicellular organisms, growth can be observed as an increase in the size of its population (Beveridge et al., 2007). Development can not be any simpler than the ones at the cellular level when DNA replicates and microtubules elongate during the course of mitosis. Fourth, living things respond to stimuli. A Mimosa pudica, for example, will close its leaves if you touch them. A sea squirt will release water from its siphons when disturbed. Organisms, whether sedentary or mobile, respond to their environment. Finally, all organisms utilize energy. A butterfly, for instance, obtains food in the form of nectar and transforms it into energy to power its activities. It might not be possible to capture or observe all of these properties within three days (e.g. giving birth) especially if the organism is sedentary. In such cases, taking a piece from the target sample for further examination might be helpful. If these organisms share a resemblance to living creatures on earth, their building blocks are similar to the morphology and properties of cells.